The Republic Of The Philippines History Essay

The Republic Of The Philippines History Essay The Republic of the Philippines has a long and colorful history with influences from numerous countries. It is primarily comprised of Roman Catholics in the north and Muslims, which are the minority, in the south. The Muslims desire an independent Islamic state because they feel the government of the Philippines treats them as inferior. As their core grievances are ignored, the Muslims resort to terrorist activities. The U.S. has identified them as threats to the Republic of the Philippines as well as U.S. interests. This paper identifies the internal threats, analyzes the situation and discusses recommended solutions to counter these terrorist organizations. Breeding Ground in the Philippines The southern Philippines have long been a breeding ground for terrorist activity (Bhattacharji, 2009). This is due to poverty, a lack of education as well as a lack of support from their local government. The Philippine government gained their independence in 1946 and has experienced numerous armed confrontations since. The United States (U.S.) has identified two internal threats within the Philippines. They are the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG). The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) is the foundation from which both of the groups started. Both organizations are predominantly located in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) covering Sulu, Mindanao, and Palawan located in the southern Philippines. It is important to understand what the problem is and where it began in order to be able to defeat it. The original settlers in Mindanao were Muslim and tribal residents. In the 1950s, the Philippine government gave away land to migrants and poor farmers from other regions of the country. Christian settlers began populating Mindanao in large numbers which soon caused problems with the original inhabitants. The Muslim and tribal residents felt as though their way of life, land, and economic opportunities were being deprived. This grievance led to intense distrust between the Philippine government and the indigenous Muslim population. This eventually led to the birth of the MNLF within their region. The MNLF was founded in 1972 by Nur Misuari who was a professor at the University of the Philippines. This political organization was established in order to secede from the Philippines and establish an Islam state which would cover Sulu, Mindanao, and Palawan. The MNLF stated that represented the Philippine Muslim liberation movement which proceeded to start the Islam Insurgency in Mindanao. They intended to achieve independence, or at a minimum local autonomy for the southern Philippines. The movement would later cost both sides great amounts in personal sacrifice. There were many lives lost during this insurgency with estimates ranging from 80,000 to 200,000 in total. Eventually the Philippine government would hold peace talks in 1976 with the MNLF which led to the Tripoli Agreement being negotiated. The Tripoli Agreement basically set up a cease fire as well as autonomy with a broad understanding that Mindanao would remain part of the Philippines. This agreement would allow Muslims their own legislative assembly, economic and financial systems, schools, administrative system, executive council, courts, and special regional security forces (Muslim Mindanao for journalists and other communicators, 2008). The cease fire eventually hurt the MNLF more than it helped due to the internal factionalism which led to the group fragmenting into separate elements. There were disagreements within the organization on how to deal with the government. The more conservative members wanted to hold a violent insurgency while the liberal side favored non-violent opposition which led to a separation. The conservatives eventually left and organized into the MILF. The MILF is the largest Islamic liberation organization in the Philippines with an estimated 15,000 active members, out of which 2,900 are troops. Salamat Hashim formed the MILF in 1977 and was backed by the ethnic Maguindanaos. Hashim received support from Egypt after the split and officially established the MILF on March 1984. Hashim didnt want to accept treaties with the government and he wanted an Islamic education system in a more traditional manner. The MILF would experience the same issues later with the more extremist members leaving and forming the ASG (Economic expert.com 2010). The ASG is a more radical organization which splintered from the MILF because they too didnt agree with the way their mother organization dealt with the government. The ASG was founded by Abdurajak Janjalani in 1991 on the island of Basilan. Janjalani fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union with the mujahedeen. The Abu Sayyaf task force was created in 1986 by an Afghan professor named Abu Sayyaf who operated his own guerrilla training school in the mountains near Peshawar, Pakistan (Barreveld, 2001). After returning to the Philippines, Janjalani formed the ASG to fight for an independent Islamic state in the southern Philippines. Janjalani named his group after his professor in Peshawar: Abu Sayyaf-the Father of the Sword (Barreveld, 2001). In 1998 Abdurajak Janjalani was killed by the local police in Lamatan, Basilan during a shoot out. This caused a power struggle within the organization which led to his younger brother Khadafi Janjalani eventually taking over. The government refers to them as bandits primarily because of their thug like activities. This organization is famous for kidnap for ransom operations, piracy, operating with Al Qaeda (AQ), attacking the Catholic community by conducting abductions of teachers, nuns as well as priests. They have extorted from wealthy businessmen and companies and have terrorized their community through bombings and massacres. Militant organizations like the ASG and the MILF operate in the Sulu archipelago and easternmost island of Mindanao, where a rugged terrain, weak rule of law, sense of grievance among the countrys Muslim minority, and poverty make it difficult for the government to root them out (Bhattacharji, 2009). Both groups are considered threats against the Republic of the Philippines. The United States considers them a threat because of their ties with AQ and global terrorist organizations. The United States and the Philippine government signed a treaty of general relations between the two governments on July 4, 1946. This treaty identified the independence of the Philippines as of July 4, 1946 as well as recognizing the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippines. In February 1987, the Philippines adopted a new constitution that instituted the presidential-style republican form of democracy, which resembles the U.S. model much more than the European parliamentary system (Library of Congress, 2006). The Philippines has a centralized form of government and federal rule of law which is supreme to the states or provinces. There are other organizations in the Philippines government that mirror the U.S. such as their military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) is made up with four branches of service consisting of Army, Navy Air Force and Marines. In total the AFP has approximately 150,000 military personnel forces and about half of which are reserves (Global security.org 2010). The AFP Army has a Light Reaction Battalion (LRB) trained in counter terrorist operations and is used often in combat today. The LRB was developed, equipped, and trained by U.S. Army Special Forces. The Philippine governments gross domestic product exceeds $160 billion; however they spend less than 1% of their GDP on military expenditures. Aside from the LRB most of the AFP is under equipped and poorly funded. The United States and the Philippines have a mutual defense treaty that has been in effect since 1952. Total U.S. military assistance to the Philippines rose from $38 million in 2001 to $164 million in 2005, which would make the Philippines the fourth largest recipient of U.S. foreign military assistance (Library of Congress, 2006). The U.S. is supporting the Philippines government by providing for their military. This coincides with how we are conducting Irregular Warfare (IW) when considering the Trinity model. There are other areas that need to be addressed in the Philippines as well. Economic growth in the Philippines has averaged 4.5% per year since 2001. Despite this growth, poverty worsened during the term of Macapagal-Arroyo, because of a high population growth rate and inequitable distribution of income (Central Intelligence Agency, 2010). Thirty three percent of the Philippine population lives below the poverty line. This leads to corruption and crime which drains resources available to further develope the government. It will also undermines confidence in the government from the population. The Republic of the Philippines has an extreme problem with crime and corruption at all levels because of poverty and lack of education across the country. This effects the governments ability to take care of the relevent populations critical needs. The Muslims in the Philippines consist of thirteen ethno-linguistics groups. The Muslims who traditionally inhabited Mindanao, the islands of Basilan and Palawan, and the Sulu and Tawi-Tawi archipelago in the south of the Philippines identify themselves as Bangsamoro (Lingga, 2004). Christian Malays make up over ninety percent of the total population, Muslim only make up about four percent, Chinese 1.5 percent, and others 3 percent (Library of Congress, 2006). Muslims are often treated like second class citizens because of their minority status. This is part of the reason why they want independence in the ARMM. The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion and separation of church and state, but Christianity predominates, and Muslims historically have been marginalized (Library of Congress, 2006). The Philippine population communicates in many languages; however English and Filipino (based on Tagalog) are the official languages spoken with eight other major dialects. There are additional barriers or obstacles the country has to deal with because of this. This leads into how they communicate across the Philippines. Cell phones are the primary method of communications in their country. The Philippines is known to be the text messaging capital of the world. Digital phones currently outnumber the landlines based telephones. It is very common for the military to use their cell phones as a means of communication during operations. This has the potential for compromise during missions, which causes their commanders to collect phones from the soldiers before theyre briefed on the details of the operation. The lack of education in the southern Philippines reduces the necessity for newspapers or magazines to be sold. The Philippines government will use billboards, posters, and the radio to communicate their message to the local population in Mindanao. Additionally, they also use the mayors and village leaders by word of mouth system through the military. As an archipelago, the Philippines have more than 1,000 ports, of which 117 are regarded as international ports. About 12 of the 117 international ports have major cargo and passenger terminals (Library of Congress 2006). The ports in the southern Philippines need upgraded to support the fishing industry. Sixty percent of the roads are unpaved and the rest are in need of repair to some degree. The infrastructure needs upgraded in order to support and build on the local economy. It is critical to address the political, military, economic, social, information, and infrastructure (PMESII) issues listed above. The Muslims will support the government and work against the insurgency when their basic needs are being taking care of. This will in turn bolster the countries internal stability and will ensure that they have legitimacy and influence over the relevant population. The U.S. realized how serious and evolving the global terrorist threat was after 9/11. The Philippines is an ideal location for AQ to establish training camps, safe havens as well as recruitment base. Conditions for recruitment are perfect when there is a lack of education; bad economy, and there is a lack of support from the government. The U.S. goal is to eliminate or contain extremist Muslim terrorists organizations across the globe. The U.S. will do this in order to preserve our four enduring national interests which are security, values, prosperity, and international order. The following paragraphs will explain the recommended way to defeat the terrorist threats. In order to do this in Mindanao both the U.S. and Philippines government will need to look at the whole of government (WOG) concept and use the four elements of national power which are diplomatic, informational, military, and economic (D.I.M.E). Irregular Warfare (IW) is predominantly the U.S. way ahead when looking at combating the insurgency. To be successful, IW will need to be applied at all three levels of war. At the Strategic Level both countries will need to develop and fund plans to eventually gain control and influence over the relevant population. This is done at the national level and with ideally SOF elements used as the primary tool to get initial ground truth information to the decision makers. The U.S. deployed SOF forces into Mindanao in 2002 and are still conducting FID operations in the area today. The U.S. government will need to continue to monitor the status and make changes as necessary. The more indirect approach will be the focus when looking at the Operational Level. There is a Joint Special Operations Task Force (JSOTF) established in Zambowonga which takes the guidance and end state from the Strategic Level and applies it to tactical operations. The JSOTF is responsible for planning and conducting operations and campaigns. The enlisted staff positions needs to be filled with operators that have experience and ideally graduates of the Joint Special Operations Force Senior Enlisted Academy (JSOFSEA). The next level that IW would be applied is the Tactical Level. First Special Forces Group currently has a Special Operations Task Force (SOTF) on the island of Jolo. The SOTF is currently being run by a company rather than a battalion. This is due to the other requirements that need to be met in other countries. The Tactical Level is the most critical for numerous reasons. This is where the plans come to life in order to meet the National Strategic Strategy (NSS). Whatever the operator does on the ground will either support the NSS or possibly hurt it. The U.S. military are conducting Foreign Internal Defense (FID) operations in the southern Philippines as part of the Operation Enduring Freedom-Philippines (OEF-P). They will need to continue to provide military assistance by training through, by, and with the AFP. As part of Operation Enduring Freedom-Philippines, U.S. military forces are strengthening the Philippines military and using civic action to drive a wedge between rebels and the Muslim populace (Crisis Group, 2008). Philippine military and law enforcement agencies conducted intensive Civil-Military and internal security operations to eliminate terrorist safe havens in the Sulu Archipelago and central Mindanao (U.S. Department of State, 2009). Many of the programs that have been put in place are currently working. The economic development programs need more support from other countries. The Japanese government has been the largest provider of financial aid for Mindanao, having financed 166 different projects valued at a total of 363 million dollars since 2002 (Carames, et. al., 2008). The U.S. needs to work with other countries in order to get more participation in this area. The enticement or need to join the terrorists organizations will decrease if the jobs are available and the infrastructure is built up on the island of Mindanao and the ARMM. The State Departments USAID will need to continue to retrain combatants from the MNLF, MILF, and ASG as well as providing micro-grants in order to bolster the economy. USAID as well as civilian non-government organizations (NGOs) will need to continue to work on infrastructure development. This is critical to the success of the campaign. When schools, roads, wells, and mosques are repaired the quality of life is dramatically improved. In conclusion eradicating the insurgency means an end to the silent discrimination, respect for the Muslim religion in all its aspects. In order to minimize or stop the threat and terrorist activities we must attack ideological and financial angles as well. Developing the economy, infrastructure and improving education in Mindanao will win over the local populace faster than using military force. This must be done in order to protect the Philippines national interests. The U.S. will continue to have an invested interest in the Philippines so that we can prevent Mindanao from becoming a safe haven and training ground for Muslim extremists across the globe.

Archetypes and Their Influence on the Personality Essay

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was born on July 26, in the small village of Kesswil on Lake Constance. He was named after his grandfather, a professor of medicine at the University of Basel. He was the oldest child and only surviving son of a Swiss Reform pastor. Carl attended the University of Basel and decided to go into the field of psychiatry after reading a book that caught his interest. Jung became an assistant at the Burgholzli Mental hospital, a famous medical hospital in Zurich. He studied under, and was influenced by Eugen Bleuler, a famous psychiatrist who defined schizophrenia. Jung was also influenced by Freud, with whom he later became good friends. Their relationship ended when Jung wrote a book called â€Å"Symbols of Transformation. † Jung disagreed with Freud’s fundamental idea that a symbol is a disguised representation of a repressed wish (Heaney, 1994). After splitting up with Freud, Jung had a 2 year period of non-productivity, but then he came out with his â€Å"Psychological Types,† a famous work. He went on several trips to learn about primitive societies and archetypes. His explorations included trips to Africa, New Mexico to study Pueblo Indians, and to India and Ceylon to study eastern philosophy. He studied religious and occult beliefs like I Ching, a Chinese method of fortune telling. Alchemy became one of his interests during his journeys. His book, â€Å"Psychology and Alchemy,† published in 1944, is among his most important writings. In this study, he told about the human mind. One of his methods was word association. This is when a person is given a series of words and asked to respond to them. Abnormal response or hesitation can mean that the person has a complex about that word. His basic belief was in complex or analytical psychology. The goal is psychosynthesis, or the unification and differentiation of the psyche (mind). He believed that the mind started out as a whole and should stay that way. That answered structural, dynamic, developmental questions. Jung is best known for his theory of â€Å"The three levels of the mind† (Aurelio, 1995). Discussion The three levels of the mind theory includes the ego (conscious), personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The conscious level serves four functions. It is the part of the personality that carries out normal daily activities: thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. The personal unconscious contains an individual’s memories, and the collective unconscious is an inaccessible layer that contains universal experiences. Usually, one of the two classes usually dominates, and rarely does one see an individual with perfectly balanced classes of behavior (Nehr, 1996). Jung said that an ego is a filter from the senses to the conscious mind. All ego rejections go to the personal unconscious. The ego is highly selective. Every day we are subjected to a vast number of experiences, most of which do not become conscious because the ego eliminates them before they reach consciousness. â€Å"The personal unconscious acts like a filing cabinet for those ego rejections† (Jurkevich, 1991,p. 58). Clusters of related thoughts in the personal subconscious form complexes. Complexes are really suppressed feelings. Complexes are often highly visible to people, but unfelt by the individual who has the complex. Complexes can be revealed by word association, which will cause hang-ups if a certain word is mentioned. A strong or total complex will dominate the life of a person, and a weak or partial complex will drive a person in a direction of it, but not too strongly. A complex, as Jung discovered, need not be a hindrance to a person’s adjustment. â€Å"They can be and often are sources of inspiration and drive that are essential for outstanding achievement† (Aurelio, 1995, p. 351). â€Å"The collective unconscious is hereditary. It sets up the pattern of one’s psyche†(Kremer, 1990, p. 2). An inherited collection of primordial images are stored here. They are universal inclinations that all people have in common somewhere by means of heredity. The four important archetypes that play very significant roles in everyone’s personality are Persona, Anima(us), Shadow, and the Self. Persona is derived from the Latin word meaning â€Å"mask†. In Jungian psychology, the persona archetype serves a similar purpose; it enables one to portray a character that is not necessarily his or her own. The persona is the mask or facade one exhibits publicly, with the intention of presenting a favorable impression so that society will accept him (Nehr, 1996). Anima and Animus is what Jung referred to as the â€Å"inward face† of the psyche. The â€Å"inward face† he called the anima in males and the animus in females. The anima archetype is the female side of the masculine psyche; the animus archetype is the masculine side of the female psyche. Man has developed his anima archetype by continuous exposure to women over many generations, and woman has developed her animus archetype by her exposure to men (Heaney, 1994). According to Mannis (1997), the â€Å"Shadow† is what Jung referred to as â€Å"the negative side of the personality, the unpleasant qualities we like to hide†. When one is not conscious of their â€Å"shadow†, they give it more power. â€Å"Usually, the qualities we dislike the most in others, are the unknown qualities in our shadow† (Kremer, 1999, p. 4). â€Å"The self represents all archetypes working together† (Heaney, 1994, p. 29). Jung used the words extraversion and introversion to show how one’s personality is. Those who lean towards extraversion are usually socially accepted. They are outgoing and very sociable. Those who lean towards introversion tend to keep to themselves and are not very sociable. One’s psyche works together three ways. One structure may compensate for the weakness of another structure (Jurkevich, 1991). One component may oppose another component, and two or more structures may unite to form a synthesis. Compensation may be illustrated by the contrasting attitudes of extraversion and introversion. If extraversion is the dominant or superior attitude of the conscious ego, then the unconscious will compensate by developing the repressed attitude of introversion. Compensation also occurs between function. A person thinking or feeling in his conscious mind will be an intuitive, sensation type unconsciously. This balance is healthy and it prevents our psyches from becoming neurotically unbalanced. Opposition exists everywhere in the personality: between the persona and the shadow, between the persona and the anima, and between the shadow and the anima. The contest between the rational and irrational forces of the psyche never ceases. One’s integrity of â€Å"self† can actually determine whether or not this opposition will cause a shattering of a personality (Heaney, 1994). I decided to do my research on Carl Jung because he is not discussed much in the textbook. I find his theory of conscious and unconscious very interesting. I believe the thoughts of persona and ego without a doubt. When one’s ego is shot down, a person can tend to develop a complex about it. I also agree that people tend to have a different persona based on where they are at and how they are expected to act around certain people. References Aurelio, Jeanne M. (1995). Using Jungian archetypes to explore deeper levels of organizationalculture. Journal of Management Inquiry, 4, 347-369. Heaney, Liam F. (1994). Freud, Jung and Joyce: Conscious connections. Contemporary Review,265, 28-32. Jurkevich, Gayana. (1991). Unamuno’s intrahistoria and Jung’s collective unconscious: parallels,convergences, and common. Comparative Literature, 43, 43-60. Kremer, Jurgen W. (1999). Facing the collective shadow. Revision, 22, 2-5. Mannis, Robert F. (1997). Jung and his shadow. Utne Reader, 84, 91-94. Neher, Andrew. (1996). Jung’s theory of archetypes: a critiques. Journal of HumanisticPsychology, 36, 61-92.

Organizational Behavior Invictus Essay

Invictus is a film based on Nelson Mandela’s life during the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa. The film tells the inspiring true story of how Nelson Mandela joined forces with the captain of South Africa’s rugby team to help unite their country. Morgan Freeman holding as a South African leader Nelson Mandela, whose recently been released from nearly 30 years of captivity in a tiny cell. He was been elected and become his country president. He believes one way to achieve a reunite country and racial reconciliation is through the success of the national Springboks rugby team, which is captain by Francois Pienaar. South Africa is hosting the 1995 World Cup Rugby Event and the Springboks team automatically qualifies for that. With help from Francois Pienaar, Mandela believes he can rally the entire country behind the team, especially if it does well in the tournament. This story portrays how this great leader manages and use his unexpected weapon to achieve his goals. 2.Issue and problem revealed in the movie. i – Sport is universal for all races, perspective are able to change and healing is able to take place; Rugby was to the white South African as a source of both pride and humiliation. The green and gold strip jersey of the national team which is â€Å"The Springboks† was honored by fan. As newly elected leader, Nelson Mandela responsibilities to tackle the pain and dispute that had been caused and reconcile the nation. In a widely discouraged political moved, Mandela focused on gaining support for the very team that represented Apartheid. It was Mandela that recognized the power of sport as a medium for political and social change as well become symbol of hope and reconciliation. In this movie it can realize that although the white and black people used sports as a tool through which to build community and have fun, the racial and social boundaries of Apartheid prevent them from integrating. Nationalism is usually formed around literature and film, but it can also be formed around victories and loses. A sport isn’t just something men compete in to show off their muscles or how much talent they have. It’s a powerful tool that brings people together whether their  realize it or not. Sports bring communities together. It is not just an individual watching and cheering a team on but a nation. In this movie, Nelson Mandela sees the opportunity to turn the South African rugby team into so much more than a show of manliness and he turns them into a symbol of inspiration for a country and changes the entire meaning of the sport. He reunites his country and give them the hope they need in order to forgive past wrongdoing and come together as a nation through rugby. In this movie, President Mandela and rugby team captain Francois Pienaar work together to unite South Africa and all its races together through the sport of rugby. A sports game give people a common cause. It gives them something to talk about, cheer and celebrate. They are cheering for one national team that represent everybody and every race. Through the victories and losses of the team, people unite. They have something to relate to that familiar to both parties and not just one race. They forgot what color everybody is and just focus on the team that represents their nation. This kind of solidarity can only be brought out by sports. Mandela capitalizes on this and uses the World Cup to bring about nationalism to a country on the brink of civil war. By the end of the movie, there are two different rugby teams. One team represent a disconnected racist South Africa and the other represents a united country celebrating not just personal victory but a national as well. There is a scene where Mandela ask Francois about how do they will inspire the nation and everyone around them. The answer is leading by example. If Mandela cannot forgive his white prison guards, how he can expect his country to forgive and reconcile each other. The same goes with the rugby team. The team is only able to connect and withstand when they go into the slums and meet with a group of black children and teach them how to play rugby. By personally teaching the children and showing them that the sport is universal for all races, perspective are able to change and healing is able to take place. ii – People have a life-long need for forgiveness, reconciliation and healing. Forgiveness being a way to not only change individual hearts but turn around a whole society. In the film, Freeman as Nelson Mandella says to his head of security, â€Å"Forgiveness liberates the soul†¦ that is why it is such a powerful weapon.† Forgiveness is not only liberates the individual soul but it can turn around the soul of a nation. It’s not a magic bullet that always and everywhere works but, it is a  powerful force of the spirit that should be tried more often than it is. Forgiveness is hard work, requires a steely commitment to make reconciliation happen at the deepest and realistic levels, and filters down from a leader to the people.

The Power Of The Elf King - 2465 Words

The Power of the Elf King Franz Schubert (1797-1828) was not a particularly well-known composer during his lifetime, however, that did not stop him from leaving his mark on the musical world. He radically redefined the role of composers in German lieder. Unlike his predecessors, Schubert believed that part of a composer’s job was to help the listener interpret the poem. He believed that part of his responsibility was to write the melody and the accompaniment in a way that helped to clarify the meaning of the poem and bring it to life for the listener. That being said, Schubert did not completely discard the work of others before him. Instead, he built on the foundation that they had laid, reflecting the work of previous composers in his music without limiting himself to simple imitation of their ideas. He expanded on their ideas and used them as a platform to express himself in new and distinct ways that were unfamiliar to the music world. His innovations inspired those who came after him not only in German lied but also in other song genres. One particular example of his ability can be seen in both the vocal lines as well as the accompaniment in his song cycle, Die Schà ¶ne Mà ¼llerin. Franz Schubert was born to Franz Theodor Schubert and Elisabeth Vietz in Vienna, Austria. His father was a schoolmaster who acquired an old school house called â€Å"Zum schwarzen Rà ¶ssel,† which doubled as a house for the family. At the age of six, Franz Schubert began attending hisShow MoreRelatedCriticisms and Praise for The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug654 Words   |  3 PagesMirkwood elves is a familiar face from the Lord of The Rings trilogy, Legolas and a new face Tauriel a female elf who is captain of the guard. Bilbo, however, is not captured because he is wearing a ring of power which allows him to be invisible. The dwarves are imprisoned by the elven king Thranduil. 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Similarities Between Hector And Achilles - 1650 Words

The Heroic Code is a testament to the warriors as it portrays their knowledge of the relationships with their enemies threatening their society. In heroic society the warrior would rather die than fail in his task. A hero desires from battle to have honor, glory, fame, and reputation. There are four pillars to the Heroic code. The first code states to continuously be the best and bravest so that you will be distinguished above others. The second code states to quickly stand firm, while the third states to be a speaker of words and an achiever of deeds. The last and final code states to help one s friends, while harming one s enemies (Shaw). The real definition of the heroic code is Hector from Troy. Although Hector and Achilles have many similarities, they have more differences. Some of their similarities include, being a great warrior, having the yearning to achieve greatness, and having the personality to take charge to be a leader. However, many of their differences are that they fought for different things, came from different backgrounds, and their life goals are completely opposite. In â€Å"The Iliad†, Hector and Achilles are two of the best warriors in their city. Hector is in charge of the Trojans, while Achilles is in charge of the Greeks. Both are great fighters and command their armies in the battle of Troy. Each warrior has pride, endless self confidence, and glory. Both, Hector and Achilles, have a desire to be well respected and to become heroes to their ownShow MoreRelatedAchilles Vs. Hector : Achilles And Hector883 Words   |  4 Pageswent on between the Greek and Trojan, which included the warriors Achilles and Hector. Throughout the poem the similarities and the differences became evident between the main characters, Achilles and Hector. Although Achilles and Hector are considered two different types of heroes, they had their similarities as much as they had their differences. Both Achilles and Hector were the greatest warriors of th eir armies, and both are very stubborn when it comes to their honor. The differences between theRead MoreEssay on A Review of the Movie Troy808 Words   |  4 Pagesloose adaptation of Homers classic and one cannot help noticing the major differences between the book and the movie. One of the most noticeable differences between the book and the movie is the absence of the Gods. In Homers Iliad, the Gods played a major part in the Trojan War. Though the viewers are made aware that the characters believe in the Gods, the only God we see in the movie is Thetis, Achilles mother. The omission of the Gods from the movie may give the audience a chance to viewRead MoreEssay about Homer vs. Ovid1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthese two poets and their writing styles, I will use Achilles’ battle with Hector in Homer’s Iliad book 22 and compare it with Achilles’ battle with Cycnus in Ovid’s Metamorphoses book 12. 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Troy1692 Words   |  7 PagesMadison Slater Poem vs Film The Iliad vs â€Å"Troy† Achilles and Hector fighting with Athena and Apollo on both sides of the Warriors Introduction Written by the ancient Greek poet, Homer, The Iliad was an epic documented on the nearly 10-year long war between the Trojans and the Greeks. Although the epic had occurred in 1194–1184 BC, the epic was passed down through generations, orally, until Homer wrote the Iliad 500 years after the Trojan war in 750 BC. An adaptation of the Homers’ Iliad is DavidRead More Iliad Paragraphs1553 Words   |  7 Pageshis fancy. For example, Agamemnon, when faced with the decision to send Chryseis back to the Temple of Apollo, claimed Briseis instead. Achilles, â€Å"who had grown to care for Briseis† (pg. 19), fell blindly into a rage as black as death once the High King announced these intentions. Agamemnon didn’t care, however, even though Briseis had been given as a gift to Achilles. He simple had more power and wanted her back- like how children believe they always deserve what they want merely because they wishRead MoreThe David Story, And The Iliad1194 Words   |  5 Pagescase, we read the differences between the human relationships toward their god(s). In The David Story, David turns to Yahweh for advice, reassurance, and in some instances, a second opinion, whereas in The Iliad, Achilles is overseen by the god of wisdom and military victory, Athena. The relationships between the humans and their god have similarities but are also significantly different. The Iliad takes place in a city, Troy, which is in modern-day Turkey. Achilles  a great warrior of Greek mythologyRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of Achilles and Hector951 Words   |  4 Pagessimilar yet so different as Greek warrior, Achilles, and the Prince of Troy, Hector. Achilles is the strongest fighter in the Greek side, and Hector is the strongest Trojan. 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In theRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And Gilgamesh845 Words   |  4 Pagesmain heroes are Hector, Achilles, Agamemnon, and Patroclus. Hector was a Trojan favored by Zeus for his piety. He was one of their strongest warriors and helped keep Troy secure for a long time. When he did fall it was partially at the interference of the gods, and his own foolishness in taking the armor of Patroclus who was wearing Achilles armor. Hector was fated to die, but his role in this story was to keep morale up and keep the Greeks at bay for as long as possible. Achilles was the strongest

The Factors Affecting Safe Drinking-Water (Planning and...

The factors affecting safe drinking water: Describe and explain the different factors effecting access to safe drinking water. (10 marks) Planning and Notes: * From 1996 – 2006 +/- 1.56 billion people gained access to improved drinking-water sources. * Today 87% people drink from improved water sources compared to 77% in 1990. Physical factors that affect safe drinking water: * Amount of precipitation * Seasonal distribution of precipitation * Physical ability of the surface area to store water E.g. Ethiopia pg 192 * Rate of evapotranspiration * Density of surface access points to water * Ease of access to groundwater supplies if they exist Human factors that affect safe drinking water: * The wealth of a nation†¦show more content†¦Evapotranspiration is the water that is lost from the plants stomata. The faster plants lose water, the more water they require. If the rate of evapotranspiration is high, plants will grow their roots deep and absorb water from the ground, potentially depleting aquifer and/or lowering the water bed. This uses up a good sources of safe drinking-water. Density of surface access points to water is an important influence over drinking-water access. This is the density of the surface area of a country (or area) that has points at which safe drinking water can be accessed from. Countries with a high density will find that water access is easy, whereas countries with a low density may find that some people have to travel long distances, or may not have any access to water, as there are no water access points nearby. Alongside the density of surface access points to water, ease of access to groundwater supplies if they exist is very important. There may be groundwater supplies may be present but could be inaccessible. For example, the area could be covered with a layer of solid rock which cannot be bored through. 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Health Care Associated Infection

Question: Discuss about the Report on Health Care Associated Infection? Answer: Introduction Health care associated infections (HCAIs), which are also popularly known as the nosocomial infection, are the infections acquired by people while receiving treatment for another condition in a health care setting (Calfee 2012). HCAIs is acquired from anywhere where health care is delivered, which primarily includes inpatient acute care hospitals, outpatient setting such as the surgical centers and renal disease facilities, institution providing long-term care facilities like the nursing homes and the rehabilitation center. HCAIs can also occur during the course of treatment at home (Wright et al. 2014). Thus, health care-associated infections are considered as the most common complications of the hospital care. HCAIs are caused by a wide variety of common fungi, bacteria, and viruses as well as by other less common types of pathogens (Nelson and Williams 2014). HCAIs approximately occur in one out of every 25 patients. Most countries do not have a proper surveillance system for the health care associated infections. Those that do have the system often struggle in dealing with the complexity of the disease and lack of standardized criteria for an effective diagnosis of the diseases (Kallen et al. 2013). Although it is not possible to acquire reliable global information on the health care-associated disease, reports suggest that hundreds of millions of patient remain affected by the health care associated infection around the world in each year. HCAIs also contribute to a substantial increase in the health care costs every year. The five major and common types of HCAIs include surgical site infection, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bloodstream infection and gastroenteritis. In England, up to 300000 patients has been reported with healthcare-associated infection having a prevalence rate of 8.2% (Rammaert et al. 2012). Thus, in order to co ntrol the high prevalence and incidence rates of HCAIs, involvement of environment teams have become a prime concern. Implementation of effective QA/QC measures to the health care sectors and evidence-based management can be therefore regarded to produce appropriate control over the spread of the health care-associated infections (Wachter 2012). Other prevention methods and control measures include proper hand hygiene and suitable application of the fundamental precautions during the process of invasion. The control measures are usually simple and cost effective but do require proper staff accountability in association with behavioral change. To reduce the overall rate of HCAIs, the main objectives and perspectives for improvement includes: Proper identification of the local determinants of the HCAI burden Implementation of effective strategies to improve the reporting and surveillance system at the national level Increase in staff education and accountability for conducting better research for adapting and validating the surveillance protocols based on the reality of the developing countries Potential improvement of the patient and their families in the process of HCAI reporting and control Implementation of standard precautions involving best hand hygiene practices at the bedside Thus, the basic aim of this case study is to explore the strategies and means by which HCAIs among the patients can be prevented in healthcare settings. The primary objectives of the study are stated below: To understand and develop the practices that will help in contraction of the HCAIs To understand the basic understandings and knowledge of the hospital worker towards HCAIs To make proper recommendations on the effective approaches to the prevention of the HCAIs Background Suitable evidence from reports and research has already documented the existence and the complications of the HCAIs. In order to achieve the aims and objectives of the present case study the author shall primarily focus on the management strategies and the effective methods that have already been implemented in order to keep control over the rapid spread of HCAIs (Nelson and Williams 2014). Developing knowledge from previous studies will help the author to design successfully the methods and strategy interventions that is required to keep a control on the spread of HCAIs. The report suggests that the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) in partnership with the health Protection Agency have already implemented a guide for providing a control on the HCAIs (Loveday et al. 2012). Highlighting the concerns about HCAIs, the guide has introduced a range of policies to reduce the rate of infection. The guide provided a set of rules that highlighted the key areas of pr actice. Infection control and prevention can thus be obtained by introduction of certain measures, which includes hand hygiene, antimicrobial stewardship, and cleanliness of the environment (Huttunen and Syrjanen 2014). Thus, this includes proper management of patients with urinary problems, cleanliness of the environment and equipment, proper education of patients, hand hygiene and proper use of the personal protective equipment (PPE). Thus, NICE provided a set of recommendations, which are considered as a critical factor for proper implementation of the effective strategies. It has been stated that everyone associated with the primary care shall need to get educated regarding the standard principles of control and prevention of the disease (Mayhall 2012). The healthcare while delivering the necessary care shall need to provide with suitable methods of hand decontamination and PPE as mentioned. Patients need to be provided with proper education regarding the benefits and use of app ropriate techniques for reducing the contamination (Calfee 2012). Standard principles of hand decontamination need to be implemented immediately before direct association with the patient, exposure to any body fluids of the patient, contact with the patient's surroundings and after the removal of the gloves (Loveday et al. 2014). Thus, all features and recommendations suggested initiated the fact that each health care individuals shall need to maintain safe and aseptic procedures. Thus, the guidelines proposed by NICE provided the suitable set of recommendations that provides a proper guide regarding the control and prevention of the healthcare associated infections (Godfrey et al. 2013). The care providers thereby shall need to meet the appropriate standards of hygiene and implement the correct procedures in order to minimize the risk of the healthcare associated diseases. Apart from the maintenance of suitable health and hygiene, the care provider shall also need to take into account the primary needs and preferences of the patient (Sianin and Ma illard 2015). Thus, patients shall need to be provided with all suitable opportunities to inform about their decision in partnership with the primary health care providers. Good communication between the care providers and the patient is also an essential factor and thus, shall need to be supported by evidence-based information produced in accordance with the parents needs (Pham et al. 2012). The treatment, care, and the information about the patients shall also need to be culturally appreciated for better assessing the patients. The given framework of NICE has been found similar to another report (Loveday et al. 2014), who wrote on the basic evidence-based guideline for successful prevention of HCAIs. The recommendations thus suggested include proper maintenance of the hospital hygiene, hand hygiene, efficient use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and safe disposals of the sharp objects and the principle of asepsis. Thus, following the above recommendations, the author shall need to take the available options to achieve the goals of HCAIs among the patients. The available options are. Environment and Hospital Environment- this involves making the surroundings and environment dust free that can be approached by use of disinfectants, proper cleaning, and decontamination of the cleaning equipment. The workers shall also need to be properly educated for keeping the environment clean Hand Hygiene- as most of the infection in hospitals are directly transferred through hand-to-hand contact, use of alcohol rub, proper timing for the hand contamination and practical implementation of the hand decontamination procedure helps in controlling the infection. Use of PPE- PPE is a material that is worn to facilitate protection from the associated risks of health as well as the safety risks associated with the workers at work. Use of suitable aprons, gloves, eye masks is some commonly known PPE, the appropriate use of this facilitate control of the infection. asepsis is a condition governed by the absence of microorganisms primarily the bacteria and the fungi. Thus, during handling of invasive devices, use of aseptic techniques and conditions needs to be implemented. The present condition can also be applied during the procedures of insertion, infusion of sterile fluids, surgical incisions and care of wounds. Intervention The intervention or strategy behind the successive outcome of the case study will include collaboration with the local health commissioning team. Local health commissioning team is the clinically led groups that primarily include general practitioners (GP) from the surrounding localities (Mayhall 2012). The basic objective of the group and the other associates is to implement their knowledge and commissioning decision to influence the patients. The NHS England manages the local commissioning groups. Thus, the collaboration among different health care professional will help in particular to provide primary care to the patients suffering from the health care associated infections that are chronic in nature (Calfee 2012). The interaction between and among the various kind of clinical professionals will help in enhancing the ideas of the members of the group regarding proper treatment care by collaboratively understanding each others cultures, methods, and values (Wright et al. 2014). Co llaboration with the team will also help in the suitable understanding of the various kinds of functions or methods that need to be implemented in order to accomplish the overall process of care. Thus to facilitate the process of care to be maximally effective, collaboration with the team will help in examining the approaches implemented by the team (Boots 2016). The procedures also assist in examining whether the key functions that are specified by each professional are properly carried out. Thus, analyzing of the collaboration is very much important for understanding the clinical roles of each member associated with the team. Studies reported that initially during the spread of the healthcare-associated infections, a small number of hospitals had already implemented suitable programs, which are primarily designed to understand, control and prevent the spread of the healthcare associated infection (Evans et al. 2014) . Local, federal and the state health agencies were asked to prov ide a report on the laboratory and the epidemiologic support for further investigation into the problems. Thus, it has been understood at the beginning of time by some of the members of a local team that the hospitals are considered as the communities in which the public health providers could implement the principles to provide a control and prevention over the HCAIs (Harrington 2014). The hospital-based clinicians and the epidemiologist had already started applying public health model, which eventually involved local commissioning groups in promoting and encouraging the effective clinical means for providing control upon the spread of the HCAIs (Sammon et al. 2013). The model was primarily built upon the surveillance data obtained for identifying the healthcare associated infections (Callaghan 2013). The ongoing analysis and interpretation of the surveillance data thus helped in recognizing the potential problems and application of the suitable epidemic investigation techniques fo r identifying the associated epidemic and endemic health care-associated infections (Kilpatrick, Murdoh and Storr 2012). Specific methods were thus incorporated for the successful implementation of the public interventions in order to protect the staffs, visitors, and patients who seemed to be at a potential risk of getting affected by the healthcare associated infection. (Sammon et al. 2013). However, reports suggest that initially none of the public health system have implemented the strategies for managing the public health approach towards the development of the HCAIs. Instead, hospitals used to maintain their control programs in order to keep a check on the spread of the infection associated with the HCAIs (Blaine, Pellowe and Hodgkinson, 2012). Thus, the absence of a traditional collaboration among the local health teams and the hospitals lead to the establishment of the research and development activities within the hospitals itself for encouraging participation from all the nearby health care associates. Thus, a national network of hospitals was primarily volunteered for successfully conducting HCAIs surveillance by using the appropriate CDC (Control of Healthcare Associated Infections) methods. The methods thus used helped in reporting of these data to the surveillance system that was primarily monitored by the National Healthcare Safety Network (Loveday et al. 2014). Thus, in brief, it can be emphasized by the fact that the involvement of the local commissioning bodies will help in satisfying the basic needs and demands of the patients suffering from HCAIs by implementing suitable and effective intervention of the disease. Therefore, from the initial reports it can be suggested that the recommendations from the case study will be presented to the team in order to get a response for their input (Godfrey et al. 2013). There will also be a request to put up a committee in order to monitor the implementation of the suitable recommendations. Thus, an interdisciplinary approach will be adopted which will help in ensuring that a joint effort has been put forwarded to the members of the committee coming from different health disciplinary with a common goal to prevent the spread of HCAIs among the patients (Loveday et al. 2014). Thus, in order to carry out the intervention successfully, financial investment is also required. Finance will be sourced by see king permission from the local authority of the health department as well as from the suitable nongovernmental organization. The table below helps in estimating the overall costs and the eventual benefits that can be anticipated from the implementation of the intervention strategy Costs Amount () Purchase of PPE 10000 Purchase of hand rub equipment 8500 Purchase cleaning decontamination equipment 9000 Employing and training more cleaning staff 30000 Purchase maintenance of intrusive equipment 25000 Training of healthcare workers 15000 Benefits Amount () Reduced hospital readmissions 30000 Improved staff performance 25000 Improved waste disposal practices 15000 Reduced hours lost to illness 50000 Thus, from the given recommendation, the basic need for measuring the progress of the given intervention by proper monitoring, communication and evaluation to an extent that can be performed. This can be primarily achieved by measuring the clinical outcomes of the patients. Thus, this can also be achieved by implementation of simple surveys of the status that will be administered directly to the patients. Data collection to obtain data over on year period hence will be analyzed. Strategy The interventions thus mentioned will play a fundamental role in managing the spread of the healthcare associated infection (Gaskins 2012). Involvement of the local health commissioning teams will help in carrying out the suitable recommendations by proper monitoring, evaluation and communication to an extent in order to prevent the spread of the healthcare associated infections (Donskey 2013). Involvement of the team will also require implementation of certain practical and suitable strategies that needs to be carried out in order to maintain a proper hospital hygiene, health hygiene, education of the medical workers and safe use of the hospital instruments (Schmitt et al. 2013). Thus, in order to carry out the interventions by the local commissioning team, a proper strategy and planning are required in order to implement interventions for creating a control over the spread of the healthcare associated infections (Wick et al. 2012). The strategy will mainly emphasize the personal re sponsibility of the proposed by the health care commissioning team for development of a suitable Trust infection control infrastructure in order to facilitate the information regarding the spread and prevention of the healthcare associated infections at the directorate level (Wachter, Pronovost and Shekelle 2013). Establishment of trust will help in developing a local action plan for successful implementation of the strategies and thereby providing a regular update on the progress. The plan will also assist in building a suitable partnership for imitating rapid involvement of more health care workers from different professional attributes. Local action plans thus published will help in developing and implementing of a suitable national action plan in those areas where it is appropriate (Polin et al. 2012). The strategy will primarily aim at reducing the healthcare-associated infections in acute hospitals. Although healthcare associated infections is a common issue that is spreading rapidly throughout the health care sectors and thus the next step will be to develop a suitable strategy that are primarily aimed at reducing the healthcare-acquired infections in the community settings (Gaskins 2012). Thus, this will help in working on the broader aspect of the infection control issue. The strategy primarily aims: To provide control of the healthcare associated infection in hospitals To provide control of the healthcare associated infection in the community settings To promote guidance on the infection control To implement effective strategies and management of the infectious disease emergencies The Trust chief executives will also need to work in close approximation with the Local Health Boards and the Local Authorities as the strategies developed help in ensuring seamless and authentic care and management for the healthcare associated infection (Pham et al. 2012). With the aims and objectives of the plan, it is clear to use the national standards for measuring the performance in the given area of work in association with the local health commissioning teams (Mayhall 2012). The relationship will also help in ensuring that the individuals are very much aware of their personal responsibilities in the particular area concerning the healthcare associated infections. Thus, the strategic objectives will ensure that all the staffs of the local health commissioning teams have a clear understanding of the impact of the infection and the infection control practices that will enable them in discharging all their personal responsibilities to patients, workers, visitors (Stewardson et a l. 2013) . Patients will be treated in suitable physical environments that will help in minimizing the risk of infection associated with the particular disease. The Infection Control programs need to be supported by abundantly by resourced specialist infection control workers with sufficient skills in order to satisfy the needs of the local group commissioning infection control plan (Huttunen and Syrjanen 2014). Developing trusts will help in adopting suitable comprehensive surveillance programs for monitoring and directing the infection control programs (Schmitt et al 2013). Programs will be primarily based upon the local needs as directed by the Trust infection control plan and program of the local commissioning team. The team, if necessary, shall also need to adopt the national programs that are primarily developed and agreed based on creating control over the spread of the healthcare associated infection (Godfrey et al. 2013). Specific programs circulating the reduction in the r ates of infection will also be a part of the local team for implementing the effective strategies that will provide a direct link and association to clinical governance, performance management, and risk management (Siani and Maillard 2015). Thus, trusts will help in developing systems for ensuring effective recording, sharing, analysis and access to the recorded data in order to manage the needs of the patients. Specialist epidemiological support will be made available to the members of the local health commissioning team as per the requirement in order to support their infection control programs (Wick et al. 2012). Practical training schemes shall need to be made available in order to meet the demands and needs of the staffs as well. In order to measure the proper hand hygiene adherence, the various opportunities for hand hygiene need to be defined in clear and measurable ways. The most commonly recognized framework that is used for measuring the hygiene opportunities is the World Health Organization five moments for Hand Hygiene represented in the given figure. These moments includes indications for implementation of proper hand hygiene that are defined in the guidelines of WHO (Stewardson et al. 2013). Figure representing the five moments of hand hygiene according to WHO guidelines Effective strategies and plans can thus be implemented in order to support the use of wide variety of disinfectants in order to keep the environment clean (Callaghan 2013). A wide range of disinfectants includes the use of ammonium and sodium compounds and the effectiveness of the chemical disinfectants thereby depends on the antimicrobial activity of the disinfectant and the suitable application, which includes cleaning and appropriate contact time. With the growing concern of the healthcare associated infections, the hospital room surfaces needs to need to be properly disinfected for the application of the interventions in order to improve the cleaning following the patient discharge, use of no touch modalities for providing a suitable method of hospital room disinfection (McNulty, Cookson and Lewis, 2012). Thus, the local commissioning team will provide the simplest method for evaluating the cleanliness and concerns about the visual inspection that serves to be the most simple met hod for maintaining cleanliness in the hospital environment. Thus, several strategies have been implemented to improve the quality of assessment in order to prevent the spread of the healthcare associated infection. Thus, the policies implemented places a strong emphasis on the need for the healthcare workers and the patients in order to understand their roles and responsibilities about the infection control to prevent and reduce the spread of the healthcare associated infections (Sammon et al. 2013). Critical Discussion The interventions and the recommendations in the given case study are thus based on the research-based evidence. The research-based evidence helps in the understanding of the fact that the healthcare associated infection, which are the most common form of the disease obtained during the health care treatment. Thus, the present discussion on the case study helps in understanding the suitable relationship between the heath care providing staffs and the patients safety outcomes (Blaine, Pellowe and Hodkingson 2012). The study provides growing evidence regarding the working conditions in general and the patients safety issues associated with the healthcare associated infections. Because the healthcare associated infections are one of the growing concern in todays world, it can be analyzed from the case study that the healthcare associated infection needs proper monitoring and control measures for keeping a suitable control over the spread of the healthcare associated infections (Kiplatri ck, Murdoch and Storr 2012). The various interventions and strategies thus implemented from the previous studies thereby help in focusing on the relevant association of the present strategies and interventions that can be useful in context to the species study (McNulty, Cookson and Lewis, 2012). Thus, it can be clearly stated that in order to reduce the increased risk of the healthcare associated infections, proper foundation programs, and public health care strategies plays a vital role in spreading knowledge for the betterment of the present scenario (Loveday et al. 2014). The interventions that have been developed in context to the present study will help to encounter problems in dissemination that according to the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS is usually associated with the background due to some necessary limitations (Mayhall 2012). However, the initial investigation of the author in context to the present case study will help in ensuring that the interventions that have been applied will be sent directly to the various health departments. The various associated health departments include UK Department health, public health England, health protection agency, and the other local health department authorities for better appraisal, implementation, and monitoring of the health care-associated infection (Siani and Maillard 2015). Conclusion As per the discussions in the given essay, it can be concluded that the interventions that have been implemented for providing an impact on the rapid spread of the healthcare associated infection get directly linked to the UK public health domain. 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