Similarities Between Hector And Achilles - 1650 Words

The Heroic Code is a testament to the warriors as it portrays their knowledge of the relationships with their enemies threatening their society. In heroic society the warrior would rather die than fail in his task. A hero desires from battle to have honor, glory, fame, and reputation. There are four pillars to the Heroic code. The first code states to continuously be the best and bravest so that you will be distinguished above others. The second code states to quickly stand firm, while the third states to be a speaker of words and an achiever of deeds. The last and final code states to help one s friends, while harming one s enemies (Shaw). The real definition of the heroic code is Hector from Troy. Although Hector and Achilles have many similarities, they have more differences. Some of their similarities include, being a great warrior, having the yearning to achieve greatness, and having the personality to take charge to be a leader. However, many of their differences are that they fought for different things, came from different backgrounds, and their life goals are completely opposite. In â€Å"The Iliad†, Hector and Achilles are two of the best warriors in their city. Hector is in charge of the Trojans, while Achilles is in charge of the Greeks. Both are great fighters and command their armies in the battle of Troy. Each warrior has pride, endless self confidence, and glory. Both, Hector and Achilles, have a desire to be well respected and to become heroes to their ownShow MoreRelatedAchilles Vs. Hector : Achilles And Hector883 Words   |  4 Pageswent on between the Greek and Trojan, which included the warriors Achilles and Hector. Throughout the poem the similarities and the differences became evident between the main characters, Achilles and Hector. Although Achilles and Hector are considered two different types of heroes, they had their similarities as much as they had their differences. Both Achilles and Hector were the greatest warriors of th eir armies, and both are very stubborn when it comes to their honor. The differences between theRead MoreEssay on A Review of the Movie Troy808 Words   |  4 Pagesloose adaptation of Homers classic and one cannot help noticing the major differences between the book and the movie. One of the most noticeable differences between the book and the movie is the absence of the Gods. In Homers Iliad, the Gods played a major part in the Trojan War. Though the viewers are made aware that the characters believe in the Gods, the only God we see in the movie is Thetis, Achilles mother. The omission of the Gods from the movie may give the audience a chance to viewRead MoreEssay about Homer vs. Ovid1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthese two poets and their writing styles, I will use Achilles’ battle with Hector in Homer’s Iliad book 22 and compare it with Achilles’ battle with Cycnus in Ovid’s Metamorphoses book 12. The comparison of these battles will give us a better understanding of these poets different views on the Trojan War. This battle also takes place outside the city of Troy, at the beginning of the Trojan War, nine years previous to Achilles’ battle with Hector. Rumour, the god rumor, told the Trojans that a fleetRead MoreSimilarities Between The Aeneid And The Iliad1029 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Iliad†. However, there are many underlying similarities between the two. Virgil intended for their stories to share similar themes and plots because he truly admired Homer’s works he eventually adopted the Homeric style in his own writing. Despite having great battles and bloodshed, Virgil drew parallels to Homer’s works with the heroes and their fates, the men started wars over a woman, the different prophecies, and other connections between â€Å"The Iliad† and â€Å"The Aeneid.† â€Å"The Aeneid† and â€Å"TheRead MoreThe Iliad Vs. Troy1692 Words   |  7 PagesMadison Slater Poem vs Film The Iliad vs â€Å"Troy† Achilles and Hector fighting with Athena and Apollo on both sides of the Warriors Introduction Written by the ancient Greek poet, Homer, The Iliad was an epic documented on the nearly 10-year long war between the Trojans and the Greeks. Although the epic had occurred in 1194–1184 BC, the epic was passed down through generations, orally, until Homer wrote the Iliad 500 years after the Trojan war in 750 BC. An adaptation of the Homers’ Iliad is DavidRead More Iliad Paragraphs1553 Words   |  7 Pageshis fancy. For example, Agamemnon, when faced with the decision to send Chryseis back to the Temple of Apollo, claimed Briseis instead. Achilles, â€Å"who had grown to care for Briseis† (pg. 19), fell blindly into a rage as black as death once the High King announced these intentions. Agamemnon didn’t care, however, even though Briseis had been given as a gift to Achilles. He simple had more power and wanted her back- like how children believe they always deserve what they want merely because they wishRead MoreThe David Story, And The Iliad1194 Words   |  5 Pagescase, we read the differences between the human relationships toward their god(s). In The David Story, David turns to Yahweh for advice, reassurance, and in some instances, a second opinion, whereas in The Iliad, Achilles is overseen by the god of wisdom and military victory, Athena. The relationships between the humans and their god have similarities but are also significantly different. The Iliad takes place in a city, Troy, which is in modern-day Turkey. Achilles  a great warrior of Greek mythologyRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of Achilles and Hector951 Words   |  4 Pagessimilar yet so different as Greek warrior, Achilles, and the Prince of Troy, Hector. Achilles is the strongest fighter in the Greek side, and Hector is the strongest Trojan. They are both put into the mold of a hero that their respective societies have put them into; however; it is evident that they are both extremely complex characters with different roles within their society and with their families, and with the gods. In the Greek society, Achilles has the role of the aggressive soldier. FromRead MoreSimilarities Between The And The Epic Of The Iliad1570 Words   |  7 Pagesthough the movie was based off of the Iliad, there were numerous differences from the Iliad itself. Even with its differences, the movie, Troy, does have many similarities to the Iliad. Even though there are numerous similarities and differences between the epic poem and the movie, this essay will focus on the major differences and similarities to compare the two. Even though the movie was criticized for not staying true to portraying the epic poem, Troy was presented in an interesting way. In theRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And Gilgamesh845 Words   |  4 Pagesmain heroes are Hector, Achilles, Agamemnon, and Patroclus. Hector was a Trojan favored by Zeus for his piety. He was one of their strongest warriors and helped keep Troy secure for a long time. When he did fall it was partially at the interference of the gods, and his own foolishness in taking the armor of Patroclus who was wearing Achilles armor. Hector was fated to die, but his role in this story was to keep morale up and keep the Greeks at bay for as long as possible. Achilles was the strongest

The Factors Affecting Safe Drinking-Water (Planning and...

The factors affecting safe drinking water: Describe and explain the different factors effecting access to safe drinking water. (10 marks) Planning and Notes: * From 1996 – 2006 +/- 1.56 billion people gained access to improved drinking-water sources. * Today 87% people drink from improved water sources compared to 77% in 1990. Physical factors that affect safe drinking water: * Amount of precipitation * Seasonal distribution of precipitation * Physical ability of the surface area to store water E.g. Ethiopia pg 192 * Rate of evapotranspiration * Density of surface access points to water * Ease of access to groundwater supplies if they exist Human factors that affect safe drinking water: * The wealth of a nation†¦show more content†¦Evapotranspiration is the water that is lost from the plants stomata. The faster plants lose water, the more water they require. If the rate of evapotranspiration is high, plants will grow their roots deep and absorb water from the ground, potentially depleting aquifer and/or lowering the water bed. This uses up a good sources of safe drinking-water. Density of surface access points to water is an important influence over drinking-water access. This is the density of the surface area of a country (or area) that has points at which safe drinking water can be accessed from. Countries with a high density will find that water access is easy, whereas countries with a low density may find that some people have to travel long distances, or may not have any access to water, as there are no water access points nearby. Alongside the density of surface access points to water, ease of access to groundwater supplies if they exist is very important. There may be groundwater supplies may be present but could be inaccessible. For example, the area could be covered with a layer of solid rock which cannot be bored through. Human factors that affect safe drinking water can be just as large of a problem as physical factors, if not a bigger problem. These factors are caused by human action, or lack of action. A very important factor is the wealth of a nation or region in terms of its ability to construct and maintain waterShow MoreRelatedRoper, Logan Tierney3552 Words   |  15 Pagestierney model This essay explores the preoperative care provided to one patient in a London hospital during one shift. This care was influenced by the holistic perspective to health. Arsing from the Greek for ‘whole’ this acknowledges physiological, psychological and social factors impacting the patient’s condition. (McFerran amp; Martin, 2008) It seeks to offer treatment inclusive of these factors rather than treating physical symptoms of a diagnosed disease in isolation. This essay will examineRead MoreTan Hiep Phat - Strategy Analysis Essay6598 Words   |  27 Pagesto new ideas. His enthusiasm and caring has helped me a lot in studying this difficult subject. This finished essay is my sincere thanks to Mr. Trong. This is my acquirements from studying Mr.Trong’s lectures. Also, I would like to thank my friends who are working at Tan Hiep Phat Group for helping me so much in the period searching information and completing my essay. Hope that my essay can bring a side of point view about THP Group’s performance. Also my proposed strategy can be useful for companyRead MoreHealth Care Model Of Care3345 Words   |  14 Pagesfocuses on the physical processes that effect health and does not involve the psychological, environmental or social factors that can also have a huge impact of an individual’s health status. This essay will focus on obesity and how the Primary Health Care model and the social determinants of health are affecting obesity levels within Australia. Health promotion is a major factor of the Primary Health Care model and needs to be embraced by as many health workers as possible to have the best outcomesRead MoreFaye Abdellah2666 Words   |  11 PagesI. FAYE ABDELLAH II. Biography of Faye Abdellah Faye Glenn Abdellah is a pioneer nursing researcher who formulated the Typology of 21 Nursing Problems. Faye Glenn Abdellah was born on March 13, 1919 in New York City. She finished her basic nursing education, magna cum laude in 1942 from Fitkin Memorial Hospital School of Nursing in Neptune, New Jersey and obtained her Bachelor of Science in 1945, her Masters of Arts in 1947 and her Doctor of Education in1955 from the Teachers College at ColumbiaRead MoreExplain and Analyse Why Lab Procedures and Practice Must Be Communicated in a Lab.3502 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction This essay is about why lab procedures and practice must be communicated in a lab. In the essay I have talked about lab procedures lab practice, standard operation procedure communication, training, risk assessment, HSE and HSE inspection Health and welfare at work act 2005 and finally I have talked about Health and safety in a laboratory. Lab procedures and lab practice Lab procedures must be communicated in a lab to ensure that the lab is a safe place to perform experimentsRead MoreHow Current Health and Safety Legislation, Policies and Procedures Are Implemented in Setting21540 Words   |  87 Pagesare able to demonstrate the quality and standards of care required by Ofsted, the Early Years Foundation Stage and the NCMA.   Each childminder must ensure that they provide high quality childcare, within a positive, safe and happy environment.   Childminders are responsible for planning and preparing a programme of play based activities and in the completion of all relevant record keeping, paperwork and administration. Responsibilities and Duties All Childminders have a responsibility to promoteRead MoreHeineken Swot Analysis10783 Words   |  44 Pagesthe company can get from the beer market by using two model PESTLE and Porter Five Forces. PESTLE describe what difficulties come from external environmental factors that the company is facing and Porter five force analyze the threats as well as opportunities of Heineken in suppliers, buyers, competitors, substitutes and new entrant. OT factors in SWOT analysis also use to define in chapter 1 for threats and opportunities of the company. Chapter 2 describes strengths and weaknesses in the companyRead MoreWater as a Source of Future Conflict in Sa26984 Words   |  108 PagesFierce competition for fresh water may well become a source of conflict and wars in the future. - Kofi Annan, former U.N. Secretary-General in 2001 Background of the Study 1. Water is directly related with the survival of human kind and it is crucial unlike other resources, because it does not have choices and alternatives. As a consequence of global warming and pollution, importance of water has increased much. Some 2 billion people† already lack water supplies. Water use has risen six-fold overRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 PagesHuman Resource Management (MGT501) VU MGT - 501 T his subject/course is designed to teach the basic principles of Human Resource Management (HRM) to diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizationsRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pagescontamination caused by the Bhopal Factory. The Judge has requested that plaintiff s attorney Sharma be notified regarding examination of documents before the appropriate courts in India. Two appeals on this behalf of people affected by soil and ground water contamination from Bhopal, are currently pending before the Second circuit Court of Appeals, which was decided in favour of the Bhopal victims on two earlier occasions. If successfully the legal action in the US Federal Court will force Union Carbide

Health Care Associated Infection

Question: Discuss about the Report on Health Care Associated Infection? Answer: Introduction Health care associated infections (HCAIs), which are also popularly known as the nosocomial infection, are the infections acquired by people while receiving treatment for another condition in a health care setting (Calfee 2012). HCAIs is acquired from anywhere where health care is delivered, which primarily includes inpatient acute care hospitals, outpatient setting such as the surgical centers and renal disease facilities, institution providing long-term care facilities like the nursing homes and the rehabilitation center. HCAIs can also occur during the course of treatment at home (Wright et al. 2014). Thus, health care-associated infections are considered as the most common complications of the hospital care. HCAIs are caused by a wide variety of common fungi, bacteria, and viruses as well as by other less common types of pathogens (Nelson and Williams 2014). HCAIs approximately occur in one out of every 25 patients. Most countries do not have a proper surveillance system for the health care associated infections. Those that do have the system often struggle in dealing with the complexity of the disease and lack of standardized criteria for an effective diagnosis of the diseases (Kallen et al. 2013). Although it is not possible to acquire reliable global information on the health care-associated disease, reports suggest that hundreds of millions of patient remain affected by the health care associated infection around the world in each year. HCAIs also contribute to a substantial increase in the health care costs every year. The five major and common types of HCAIs include surgical site infection, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bloodstream infection and gastroenteritis. In England, up to 300000 patients has been reported with healthcare-associated infection having a prevalence rate of 8.2% (Rammaert et al. 2012). Thus, in order to co ntrol the high prevalence and incidence rates of HCAIs, involvement of environment teams have become a prime concern. Implementation of effective QA/QC measures to the health care sectors and evidence-based management can be therefore regarded to produce appropriate control over the spread of the health care-associated infections (Wachter 2012). Other prevention methods and control measures include proper hand hygiene and suitable application of the fundamental precautions during the process of invasion. The control measures are usually simple and cost effective but do require proper staff accountability in association with behavioral change. To reduce the overall rate of HCAIs, the main objectives and perspectives for improvement includes: Proper identification of the local determinants of the HCAI burden Implementation of effective strategies to improve the reporting and surveillance system at the national level Increase in staff education and accountability for conducting better research for adapting and validating the surveillance protocols based on the reality of the developing countries Potential improvement of the patient and their families in the process of HCAI reporting and control Implementation of standard precautions involving best hand hygiene practices at the bedside Thus, the basic aim of this case study is to explore the strategies and means by which HCAIs among the patients can be prevented in healthcare settings. The primary objectives of the study are stated below: To understand and develop the practices that will help in contraction of the HCAIs To understand the basic understandings and knowledge of the hospital worker towards HCAIs To make proper recommendations on the effective approaches to the prevention of the HCAIs Background Suitable evidence from reports and research has already documented the existence and the complications of the HCAIs. In order to achieve the aims and objectives of the present case study the author shall primarily focus on the management strategies and the effective methods that have already been implemented in order to keep control over the rapid spread of HCAIs (Nelson and Williams 2014). Developing knowledge from previous studies will help the author to design successfully the methods and strategy interventions that is required to keep a control on the spread of HCAIs. The report suggests that the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) in partnership with the health Protection Agency have already implemented a guide for providing a control on the HCAIs (Loveday et al. 2012). Highlighting the concerns about HCAIs, the guide has introduced a range of policies to reduce the rate of infection. The guide provided a set of rules that highlighted the key areas of pr actice. Infection control and prevention can thus be obtained by introduction of certain measures, which includes hand hygiene, antimicrobial stewardship, and cleanliness of the environment (Huttunen and Syrjanen 2014). Thus, this includes proper management of patients with urinary problems, cleanliness of the environment and equipment, proper education of patients, hand hygiene and proper use of the personal protective equipment (PPE). Thus, NICE provided a set of recommendations, which are considered as a critical factor for proper implementation of the effective strategies. It has been stated that everyone associated with the primary care shall need to get educated regarding the standard principles of control and prevention of the disease (Mayhall 2012). The healthcare while delivering the necessary care shall need to provide with suitable methods of hand decontamination and PPE as mentioned. Patients need to be provided with proper education regarding the benefits and use of app ropriate techniques for reducing the contamination (Calfee 2012). Standard principles of hand decontamination need to be implemented immediately before direct association with the patient, exposure to any body fluids of the patient, contact with the patient's surroundings and after the removal of the gloves (Loveday et al. 2014). Thus, all features and recommendations suggested initiated the fact that each health care individuals shall need to maintain safe and aseptic procedures. Thus, the guidelines proposed by NICE provided the suitable set of recommendations that provides a proper guide regarding the control and prevention of the healthcare associated infections (Godfrey et al. 2013). The care providers thereby shall need to meet the appropriate standards of hygiene and implement the correct procedures in order to minimize the risk of the healthcare associated diseases. Apart from the maintenance of suitable health and hygiene, the care provider shall also need to take into account the primary needs and preferences of the patient (Sianin and Ma illard 2015). Thus, patients shall need to be provided with all suitable opportunities to inform about their decision in partnership with the primary health care providers. Good communication between the care providers and the patient is also an essential factor and thus, shall need to be supported by evidence-based information produced in accordance with the parents needs (Pham et al. 2012). The treatment, care, and the information about the patients shall also need to be culturally appreciated for better assessing the patients. The given framework of NICE has been found similar to another report (Loveday et al. 2014), who wrote on the basic evidence-based guideline for successful prevention of HCAIs. The recommendations thus suggested include proper maintenance of the hospital hygiene, hand hygiene, efficient use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and safe disposals of the sharp objects and the principle of asepsis. Thus, following the above recommendations, the author shall need to take the available options to achieve the goals of HCAIs among the patients. The available options are. Environment and Hospital Environment- this involves making the surroundings and environment dust free that can be approached by use of disinfectants, proper cleaning, and decontamination of the cleaning equipment. The workers shall also need to be properly educated for keeping the environment clean Hand Hygiene- as most of the infection in hospitals are directly transferred through hand-to-hand contact, use of alcohol rub, proper timing for the hand contamination and practical implementation of the hand decontamination procedure helps in controlling the infection. Use of PPE- PPE is a material that is worn to facilitate protection from the associated risks of health as well as the safety risks associated with the workers at work. Use of suitable aprons, gloves, eye masks is some commonly known PPE, the appropriate use of this facilitate control of the infection. asepsis is a condition governed by the absence of microorganisms primarily the bacteria and the fungi. Thus, during handling of invasive devices, use of aseptic techniques and conditions needs to be implemented. The present condition can also be applied during the procedures of insertion, infusion of sterile fluids, surgical incisions and care of wounds. Intervention The intervention or strategy behind the successive outcome of the case study will include collaboration with the local health commissioning team. Local health commissioning team is the clinically led groups that primarily include general practitioners (GP) from the surrounding localities (Mayhall 2012). The basic objective of the group and the other associates is to implement their knowledge and commissioning decision to influence the patients. The NHS England manages the local commissioning groups. Thus, the collaboration among different health care professional will help in particular to provide primary care to the patients suffering from the health care associated infections that are chronic in nature (Calfee 2012). The interaction between and among the various kind of clinical professionals will help in enhancing the ideas of the members of the group regarding proper treatment care by collaboratively understanding each others cultures, methods, and values (Wright et al. 2014). Co llaboration with the team will also help in the suitable understanding of the various kinds of functions or methods that need to be implemented in order to accomplish the overall process of care. Thus to facilitate the process of care to be maximally effective, collaboration with the team will help in examining the approaches implemented by the team (Boots 2016). The procedures also assist in examining whether the key functions that are specified by each professional are properly carried out. Thus, analyzing of the collaboration is very much important for understanding the clinical roles of each member associated with the team. Studies reported that initially during the spread of the healthcare-associated infections, a small number of hospitals had already implemented suitable programs, which are primarily designed to understand, control and prevent the spread of the healthcare associated infection (Evans et al. 2014) . Local, federal and the state health agencies were asked to prov ide a report on the laboratory and the epidemiologic support for further investigation into the problems. Thus, it has been understood at the beginning of time by some of the members of a local team that the hospitals are considered as the communities in which the public health providers could implement the principles to provide a control and prevention over the HCAIs (Harrington 2014). The hospital-based clinicians and the epidemiologist had already started applying public health model, which eventually involved local commissioning groups in promoting and encouraging the effective clinical means for providing control upon the spread of the HCAIs (Sammon et al. 2013). The model was primarily built upon the surveillance data obtained for identifying the healthcare associated infections (Callaghan 2013). The ongoing analysis and interpretation of the surveillance data thus helped in recognizing the potential problems and application of the suitable epidemic investigation techniques fo r identifying the associated epidemic and endemic health care-associated infections (Kilpatrick, Murdoh and Storr 2012). Specific methods were thus incorporated for the successful implementation of the public interventions in order to protect the staffs, visitors, and patients who seemed to be at a potential risk of getting affected by the healthcare associated infection. (Sammon et al. 2013). However, reports suggest that initially none of the public health system have implemented the strategies for managing the public health approach towards the development of the HCAIs. Instead, hospitals used to maintain their control programs in order to keep a check on the spread of the infection associated with the HCAIs (Blaine, Pellowe and Hodgkinson, 2012). Thus, the absence of a traditional collaboration among the local health teams and the hospitals lead to the establishment of the research and development activities within the hospitals itself for encouraging participation from all the nearby health care associates. Thus, a national network of hospitals was primarily volunteered for successfully conducting HCAIs surveillance by using the appropriate CDC (Control of Healthcare Associated Infections) methods. The methods thus used helped in reporting of these data to the surveillance system that was primarily monitored by the National Healthcare Safety Network (Loveday et al. 2014). Thus, in brief, it can be emphasized by the fact that the involvement of the local commissioning bodies will help in satisfying the basic needs and demands of the patients suffering from HCAIs by implementing suitable and effective intervention of the disease. Therefore, from the initial reports it can be suggested that the recommendations from the case study will be presented to the team in order to get a response for their input (Godfrey et al. 2013). There will also be a request to put up a committee in order to monitor the implementation of the suitable recommendations. Thus, an interdisciplinary approach will be adopted which will help in ensuring that a joint effort has been put forwarded to the members of the committee coming from different health disciplinary with a common goal to prevent the spread of HCAIs among the patients (Loveday et al. 2014). Thus, in order to carry out the intervention successfully, financial investment is also required. Finance will be sourced by see king permission from the local authority of the health department as well as from the suitable nongovernmental organization. The table below helps in estimating the overall costs and the eventual benefits that can be anticipated from the implementation of the intervention strategy Costs Amount () Purchase of PPE 10000 Purchase of hand rub equipment 8500 Purchase cleaning decontamination equipment 9000 Employing and training more cleaning staff 30000 Purchase maintenance of intrusive equipment 25000 Training of healthcare workers 15000 Benefits Amount () Reduced hospital readmissions 30000 Improved staff performance 25000 Improved waste disposal practices 15000 Reduced hours lost to illness 50000 Thus, from the given recommendation, the basic need for measuring the progress of the given intervention by proper monitoring, communication and evaluation to an extent that can be performed. This can be primarily achieved by measuring the clinical outcomes of the patients. Thus, this can also be achieved by implementation of simple surveys of the status that will be administered directly to the patients. Data collection to obtain data over on year period hence will be analyzed. Strategy The interventions thus mentioned will play a fundamental role in managing the spread of the healthcare associated infection (Gaskins 2012). Involvement of the local health commissioning teams will help in carrying out the suitable recommendations by proper monitoring, evaluation and communication to an extent in order to prevent the spread of the healthcare associated infections (Donskey 2013). Involvement of the team will also require implementation of certain practical and suitable strategies that needs to be carried out in order to maintain a proper hospital hygiene, health hygiene, education of the medical workers and safe use of the hospital instruments (Schmitt et al. 2013). Thus, in order to carry out the interventions by the local commissioning team, a proper strategy and planning are required in order to implement interventions for creating a control over the spread of the healthcare associated infections (Wick et al. 2012). The strategy will mainly emphasize the personal re sponsibility of the proposed by the health care commissioning team for development of a suitable Trust infection control infrastructure in order to facilitate the information regarding the spread and prevention of the healthcare associated infections at the directorate level (Wachter, Pronovost and Shekelle 2013). Establishment of trust will help in developing a local action plan for successful implementation of the strategies and thereby providing a regular update on the progress. The plan will also assist in building a suitable partnership for imitating rapid involvement of more health care workers from different professional attributes. Local action plans thus published will help in developing and implementing of a suitable national action plan in those areas where it is appropriate (Polin et al. 2012). The strategy will primarily aim at reducing the healthcare-associated infections in acute hospitals. Although healthcare associated infections is a common issue that is spreading rapidly throughout the health care sectors and thus the next step will be to develop a suitable strategy that are primarily aimed at reducing the healthcare-acquired infections in the community settings (Gaskins 2012). Thus, this will help in working on the broader aspect of the infection control issue. The strategy primarily aims: To provide control of the healthcare associated infection in hospitals To provide control of the healthcare associated infection in the community settings To promote guidance on the infection control To implement effective strategies and management of the infectious disease emergencies The Trust chief executives will also need to work in close approximation with the Local Health Boards and the Local Authorities as the strategies developed help in ensuring seamless and authentic care and management for the healthcare associated infection (Pham et al. 2012). With the aims and objectives of the plan, it is clear to use the national standards for measuring the performance in the given area of work in association with the local health commissioning teams (Mayhall 2012). The relationship will also help in ensuring that the individuals are very much aware of their personal responsibilities in the particular area concerning the healthcare associated infections. Thus, the strategic objectives will ensure that all the staffs of the local health commissioning teams have a clear understanding of the impact of the infection and the infection control practices that will enable them in discharging all their personal responsibilities to patients, workers, visitors (Stewardson et a l. 2013) . Patients will be treated in suitable physical environments that will help in minimizing the risk of infection associated with the particular disease. The Infection Control programs need to be supported by abundantly by resourced specialist infection control workers with sufficient skills in order to satisfy the needs of the local group commissioning infection control plan (Huttunen and Syrjanen 2014). Developing trusts will help in adopting suitable comprehensive surveillance programs for monitoring and directing the infection control programs (Schmitt et al 2013). Programs will be primarily based upon the local needs as directed by the Trust infection control plan and program of the local commissioning team. The team, if necessary, shall also need to adopt the national programs that are primarily developed and agreed based on creating control over the spread of the healthcare associated infection (Godfrey et al. 2013). Specific programs circulating the reduction in the r ates of infection will also be a part of the local team for implementing the effective strategies that will provide a direct link and association to clinical governance, performance management, and risk management (Siani and Maillard 2015). Thus, trusts will help in developing systems for ensuring effective recording, sharing, analysis and access to the recorded data in order to manage the needs of the patients. Specialist epidemiological support will be made available to the members of the local health commissioning team as per the requirement in order to support their infection control programs (Wick et al. 2012). Practical training schemes shall need to be made available in order to meet the demands and needs of the staffs as well. In order to measure the proper hand hygiene adherence, the various opportunities for hand hygiene need to be defined in clear and measurable ways. The most commonly recognized framework that is used for measuring the hygiene opportunities is the World Health Organization five moments for Hand Hygiene represented in the given figure. These moments includes indications for implementation of proper hand hygiene that are defined in the guidelines of WHO (Stewardson et al. 2013). Figure representing the five moments of hand hygiene according to WHO guidelines Effective strategies and plans can thus be implemented in order to support the use of wide variety of disinfectants in order to keep the environment clean (Callaghan 2013). A wide range of disinfectants includes the use of ammonium and sodium compounds and the effectiveness of the chemical disinfectants thereby depends on the antimicrobial activity of the disinfectant and the suitable application, which includes cleaning and appropriate contact time. With the growing concern of the healthcare associated infections, the hospital room surfaces needs to need to be properly disinfected for the application of the interventions in order to improve the cleaning following the patient discharge, use of no touch modalities for providing a suitable method of hospital room disinfection (McNulty, Cookson and Lewis, 2012). Thus, the local commissioning team will provide the simplest method for evaluating the cleanliness and concerns about the visual inspection that serves to be the most simple met hod for maintaining cleanliness in the hospital environment. Thus, several strategies have been implemented to improve the quality of assessment in order to prevent the spread of the healthcare associated infection. Thus, the policies implemented places a strong emphasis on the need for the healthcare workers and the patients in order to understand their roles and responsibilities about the infection control to prevent and reduce the spread of the healthcare associated infections (Sammon et al. 2013). Critical Discussion The interventions and the recommendations in the given case study are thus based on the research-based evidence. The research-based evidence helps in the understanding of the fact that the healthcare associated infection, which are the most common form of the disease obtained during the health care treatment. Thus, the present discussion on the case study helps in understanding the suitable relationship between the heath care providing staffs and the patients safety outcomes (Blaine, Pellowe and Hodkingson 2012). The study provides growing evidence regarding the working conditions in general and the patients safety issues associated with the healthcare associated infections. Because the healthcare associated infections are one of the growing concern in todays world, it can be analyzed from the case study that the healthcare associated infection needs proper monitoring and control measures for keeping a suitable control over the spread of the healthcare associated infections (Kiplatri ck, Murdoch and Storr 2012). The various interventions and strategies thus implemented from the previous studies thereby help in focusing on the relevant association of the present strategies and interventions that can be useful in context to the species study (McNulty, Cookson and Lewis, 2012). Thus, it can be clearly stated that in order to reduce the increased risk of the healthcare associated infections, proper foundation programs, and public health care strategies plays a vital role in spreading knowledge for the betterment of the present scenario (Loveday et al. 2014). The interventions that have been developed in context to the present study will help to encounter problems in dissemination that according to the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS is usually associated with the background due to some necessary limitations (Mayhall 2012). However, the initial investigation of the author in context to the present case study will help in ensuring that the interventions that have been applied will be sent directly to the various health departments. The various associated health departments include UK Department health, public health England, health protection agency, and the other local health department authorities for better appraisal, implementation, and monitoring of the health care-associated infection (Siani and Maillard 2015). Conclusion As per the discussions in the given essay, it can be concluded that the interventions that have been implemented for providing an impact on the rapid spread of the healthcare associated infection get directly linked to the UK public health domain. Particularly, the UK public health domain number 4 that primarily aims at eliminating the premature mortality and the health care of the public helps in reducing the outcomes of the preventable disease involving a large number of people, who might assist in encountering a large number of premature deaths. The effective strategies will also contribute to reduce the communication gap between the communities that will help in reducing the gap between the communities by promoting qualified worker and patients education. Thus, with proper implementation and monitoring of the recommendations, the healthcare associated infections can be prevented with a vision to improve the patients health and safety. References Calfee, D.P., 2012. Crisis in hospital-acquired, healthcare-associated infections.Annual review of medicine,63, pp.359-371. Wright, M.S., Haft, D.H., Harkins, D.M., Perez, F., Hujer, K.M., Bajaksouzian, S., Benard, M.F., Jacobs, M.R., Bonomo, R.A. and Adams, M.D., 2014. New insights into dissemination and variation of the health care-associated pathogen.Acinetobacter baumannii, pp.00963-13. Kallen, M.D., Ricks, P., Edwards, J., MStat, A.S., Fridkin, S., Rasheed, J.K., Lonsway, D., Herrera, R., McDonald, L.C., Patel, J. and Limbago, B., 2013. Vital signs: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report,62(9), pp.165-170. Rammaert, B., Lanternier, F., Zahar, J.R., Dannaoui, E., Bougnoux, M.E., Lecuit, M. and Lortholary, O., 2012. Healthcare-associated mucormycosis.Clinical Infectious Diseases,54(suppl 1), pp.S44-S54. Nelson, K.E. and Williams, C.M., 2014.Infectious disease epidemiology: theory and practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Wachter, R.M., 2012.Understanding patient safety. McGraw Hill Medical. Evans, M.E., Kralovic, S.M., Simbartl, L.A., Freyberg, R.W., Obrosky, D.S., Roselle, G.A. and Jain, R., 2014. Nationwide reduction of health careassociated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Veterans Affairs long-term care facilities.American journal of infection control,42(1), pp.60-62. Sammon, J., Trinh, V.Q., Ravi, P., Sukumar, S., Gervais, M.K., Shariat, S.F., Larouche, A., Tian, Z., Kim, S.P., Kowalczyk, K.J. and Hu, J.C., 2013. Health careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ associated infections after major cancer surgery.Cancer,119(12), pp.2317-2324. Boots, U.K., 2016. Healthcare-associated infection: best practice in prevention and control.Hospital,14, p.54. Harrington, P., 2014. Prevention of surgical site infection.Nursing Standard,28(48), pp.50-58. Callaghan, R., 2013. is mattress cleaning increasing the risk of healthcare-associated infection?.Pressure ulcer prevention, p.6. Kilpatrick, C., Murdoch, H. and Storr, J., 2012. Importance of hand hygiene during invasive procedures.Nursing Standard,26(41), pp.42-46. Boots, U.K., 2016. Healthcare-associated infection: best practice in prevention and control.Hospital,14, p.54. Blaine, C., Pellowe, C. and Hodgkinson, S., 2012. Improving infection prevention practice in primary and community care.Journal of Hospital Infection,82(4), pp.274-276. McNulty, C.A., Cookson, B.D. and Lewis, M.A., 2012. Education of healthcare professionals and the public.Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy,67(suppl 1), pp.i11-i18. Nguyen, V.T., Sommer, A.F., Steger-Jensen, K. and Hvolby, H.H., 2014. Hospital Planning Environment Variables Applied in Practice: A Multiple Danish Case Study. InAdvances in Production Management Systems. Innovative and Knowledge-Based Production Management in a Global-Local World(pp. 667-674). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Gaskins, S., 2012. Healthy hospital food environment: policy programs in practice. Donskey, C.J., 2013. Does improving surface cleaning and disinfection reduce health care-associated infections?.American journal of infection control,41(5), pp.S12-S19. Polin, R.A., Denson, S., Brady, M.T., Papile, L.A., Baley, J.E., Carlo, W.A., Cummings, J.J., Kumar, P., Tan, R.C., Watterberg, K.L. and Byington, C.L., 2012. Strategies for prevention of health careassociated infections in the NICU.Pediatrics,129(4), pp.e1085-e1093. Wachter, R.M., Pronovost, P. and Shekelle, P., 2013. Strategies to improve patient safety: the evidence base matures.Annals of internal medicine,158(5_Part_1), pp.350-352. Schmitt, S., McQuillen, D.P., Nahass, R., Martinelli, L., Rubin, M., Schwebke, K., Petrak, R., Ritter, J.T., Chansolme, D., Slama, T. and Drozd, E.M., 2013. Infectious diseases specialty intervention is associated with decreased mortality and lower healthcare costs.Clinical infectious diseases, p.cit610. Wick, E.C., Hobson, D.B., Bennett, J.L., Demski, R., Maragakis, L., Gearhart, S.L., Efron, J., Berenholtz, S.M. and Makary, M.A., 2012. Implementation of a surgical comprehensive unit-based safety program to reduce surgical site infections.Journal of the American College of Surgeons,215(2), pp.193-200. Pham, J.C., Aswani, M.S., Rosen, M., Lee, H., Huddle, M., Weeks, K. and Pronovost, P.J., 2012. Reducing medical errors and adverse events.Annual review of medicine,63, pp.447-463. Mayhall, C.G., 2012.Hospital epidemiology and infection control. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Calfee, D.P., 2012. Crisis in hospital-acquired, healthcare-associated infections.Annual review of medicine,63, pp.359-371. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). CDC. Stewardson, A.J., Allegranzi, B., Perneger, T.V., Attar, H. and Pittet, D., 2013. Testing the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework for usability and reliability.Journal of Hospital Infection,83(1), pp.30-35. Loveday, H.P., Wilson, J., Pratt, R.J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., Browne, J., Prieto, J. and Wilcox, M., 2014. epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.Journal of Hospital Infection,86, pp.S1-S70. Loveday, H., Smales, C., Tsiami, A. and Browne, J., 2012. The effectiveness of nutritional interventions to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infection in the undernourished elderly: a systematic review.The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports,10(14 Suppl), pp.100-117. Loveday, H.P., Lynam, S., Singleton, J. and Wilson, J., 2014. Clinical glove use: healthcare workers' actions and perceptions.Journal of Hospital Infection,86(2), pp.110-116. Huttunen, R. and Syrjnen, J., 2014. Healthcare workers as vectors of infectious diseases.European Journal of Clinical Microbiology Infectious Diseases,33(9), pp.1477-1488. Godfrey, C., Villa, C., Dawson, L., Swindells, S. and Schouten, J.T., 2013. Controlling Health Care Associated Infections in the International Research Setting.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999),62(4), p.e115. Siani, H. and Maillard, J.Y., 2015. Best practice in healthcare environment decontamination.European Journal of Clinical Microbiology Infectious Diseases,34(1), pp.1-11.

Polar Bears an Example by

Polar Bears Polar bear or Ursus maritimus, sympathetic white Teddy bear and formidable predators, is one of the most remarkable animals in the world. Among North Americas largest land carnivores, polar bears are taller than grizzlies and can weigh more than 1,500 pounds. Their claws are needle sharp for traction on the ice and for subduing seals, their canines longer than those of grizzlies and ideally suited to tearing apart flesh. Polar bears are strong enough to pull a beluga whale out of the water, patient enough to wait hours above a seals blowhole, and canny enough to hide their black nose with a paw as they stalk an unwitting seal. They are capable of killing humans and have done so often. Need essay sample on "Polar Bears" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Like sharks, they are attuned so perfectly to their environment that we humans can only be clumsy and ineffective interlopers in their world. Moreover, even to most animals, a description of life on the Arctics frozen seas sounds pretty grim. Not only is it dark for much of the year, bur icy winds, subzero temperatures, and fierce blizzards are the rule. For the polar bear, however, that environment is a happy home. In fact, of all the Earths bears, only the polar bear lives exclusively in the Arctic region, justly earning such nicknames as the sea bear, the ice bear, and lord of the Arctic. Undergraduates Usually Tell EssayLab specialists:How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper online?Essay writers recommend: Find Brilliant Papers For Sale HereEssay Writing Services Professional Writer For Hire Do My Assignment Online Cheap Writing Service Reviews Because its polar bears life is so intimately connected to oceanic environments, scientists consider Ursus maritimus a marine mammal and place it in a group that includes whales, sea otters, and walruses. Exactly how the polar bear adapted to the sea ice is something of a mystery, though in scientific circles it is generally accepted that it evolved from the grizzly bear line. This might have happened during the mid-Pleistocene period 200,000 to 250,000 years ago (Struzik, 39), when a population of grizzly bears became isolated by an advancing ice sheet. Secluded in an environment filled with seals and no other predatory competitors, these opportunistic feeders discovered a wide-open niche and evolved into the modern polar bear. As generations of sea bears adapted to their new environment and life as pure carnivores, their bodies went through dramatic change. Teeth became sharper for shearing of hide and flesh; claws became shorter, sharper, and strongly curved, to permit a better grip on ice and prey (). Most noticeably, their fur became a creamy white, to better blend with ice and snow. Polar bears also have black skin, and blubber, a thick layer of fat below the skin that provides insulation for their bodies and allows them to withstand arctic temperatures. Now North Americas largest land carnivore, adult males average around 1,000 pounds but may weigh up to 1,700 pounds and, standing on hind legs, reach more than 11 feet tall. Adult females, though considerably smaller, may reach 700 pounds. Evolutionary changes also are evident in other aspects. For instance, most female polar bears have four nipples instead of the grizzlys six, which makes it more difficult for them to deal with triplet (Struzik, 42). Throughout the species range, including U.S. habitat in Alaska, polar bear populations are considered to be healthy and stable. Yet these symbols of wilderness and raw animal power require vast, undeveloped landscapes to thrive. That need, plus the species low reproduction rate and relatively small numbers, makes polar bears vulnerable to human intrusion and industrial development - challenges that could have tremendous impact on these giant creatures future. Today, an estimated 22,000 to 28,000 polar bears are scattered throughout fire Northern Hemispheres region of ice-covered seas, occupying lands and waters of Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia, and the United States (Seaworld, 2005). However, until the 1960s, scientists believed that polar bears were circumpolar nomads that wandered randomly through the Arctic. Close monitoring in recent decades has radically altered that view. Polar bears, it turns out, have a seasonal fidelity to certain regions. At any given season, an inpidual bear is likely to be found in the same area, from one year to the next. Thus, instead of one huge population, scientists now pide polar bears into 16 subpopulations. Polar bears in all these subpopulations prefer to remain on sea ice because that is where they find their primary prey - seals. An adult seal can provide could provide up to eight days of energy for a polar bear (Seaworld, 2005). Ringed seals are a special favorite, hunted in snow-covered lairs or while basking on ice besides breathing holes. Occasionally, though, polar bears will move onto land in search of food, but primarily to den. Unlike grizzly and black bears, most polar bears do not spend their winters in hibernation, because ringed seals provide a reliable year-round supply of food. However, any polar bear may build a temporary den to escape extreme cold or Arctic storms. According to scientific evidence available, only pregnant females normally den for extended periods. Although polar bears prefer to occupy particular territory, large populations of bears inhabit on drifting sea ice. For instance, study conducted by Mette Mauritzen from Norwegian Polar Institute used information from satellite telemetry, satellite images and atmospheric pressure readings to examine how the active movements of 74 female polar bears living on the Barents Sea compare with the movement of the ice (Torr and Hickey, 19). Scientists found that polar bears do undergo an annual migration with drifting ice (Torr and Hickey, 19). However, it does not represent any significant threat to animals, because as Russian bear expert Nikita Ovsyanikov points out, polar bears dont drown. They have been observed swimming as far as 100 kilometers without a rest (Stock, 20). Pregnant polar bears leave the sea ice in the autumn or early winter and search for denning sites in the bank and bluff habitats of the North Slope. When they find a suitable snowbank, they excavate a snow cave and settle in for the winter. Subsequent winter storms cover them and provide the substrate that allows them to expand their space as needed. Settled in their dens, hibernating females give birth in December or January, usually to a pair of cubs. The newborns weigh only 1 to 1.5 pounds at birth, have such fine hair they appear naked, and cannot see (Seaworld, 2005). Protected from winters severity and nursing on milk that is 46 percent fat, the cubs grow quickly and weigh 25 to 30 pounds when they emerge in spring. But months will pass before they are developed enough to survive the rigors of an Arctic winter on their own. Conservationists and some scientists fear that if the coastal plain were opened to oil and gas exploration, seismic testing would endanger the Arctic refuges denning families. Past seismic work on Alaskas wildlife refuges has caused hibernating grizzly bears to abandon dens. Given what's known about denning bears, if a mother and cubs were chased from their den in mid-winter, the cubs would almost certainly die. According to scientists, other dangers to the populations of polar bears include ingestion of contaminants associated with oil development, as well as oil spills that could directly harm, either polar bears or the marine food upon which they depend. Another, though still largely undefined, threat to polar bear populations is pollutants, because many of them transported through the atmosphere. For instance, scientist Derocher has found the highest PCB levels in Svalbards polar bears, with as much as 80 parts of the chemical per million parts of body tissue (Cone, 72). Interestingly, polar bears in Svalbard carry 12 times more of the chemical contaminant in their bodies than do male bears in Alaska (Cone, 72). Indeed, these chemical contaminants in polar bears generally increase from west to east, from the Chukchi and Bering seas across Alaska and Canada and then to Greenland and Norway. This particular pattern makes sense if one considers prevailing wind directions from the North America to Europe. According to scientific evidence available, biological changes in the animals hormone and immune systems are linked to the levels of toxic contaminants in their bodies. However, the problem of global warming imposes even greater challenges on the populations of polar bears. Polar bears inhabiting southern areas of the Arctic Circle are stranded each summer as the melting of ice packs starts. Moreover, being separated from their principal prey of ringed seals, the bears endure a summer-long last until the ice returns in November. According to explanations given by Arctic ecosystems expert Derocher, The climate predictions coming out are showing massive changes in sea-ice distributionYou dont have to be a polar scientist to see that if you take away all the sea ice you don't have polar bears anymore (Cristol, 6). Indeed, over the last 35 years, Arctic ice has thinned from an average of 3.1 meters to 1.8 meters (Cristol, 6). As a consequence of the climatic shifts, polar bears are eating less, thus building up less fat reserves and have fewer chances to survive during hard seasons. Moreover, it diminished cubs birth rate as well as their survival rate because they do not have enough fat too. According to Cristol, some scientists have even predicted the Arctic Ocean could be entirely ice-free by 2050 (Cristol, 6). If these global warming forecasts are correct, they may be a harbinger of what is to come throughout the circumpolar region as the Earths climate continues to heat up. Long-term temperature increases will mean a diminished ice pack that, in turn, will affect the survival of ringed seals, polar bears, and other northern species in unknown ways. It may not happen in our lifetimes, but there may come a day when polar bears, the worlds most remarkable animal, no longer walk the shores of Arctic parklands. As always, that future depends on actions taken in the present. Bibliography Cone, Marla Bear Trouble, Smithsonian, 00377333, Apr 2003, 34(1) Torr, G., Hickey, G., Polar Drift,Nature Australia, 13242598, Spring 2004, 28(2) Stock, Peter Polar opposites,Report / Newsmagazine (National Edition), 14888084, 1/20/2003, 30(2) Cristol Hope. As Arctic ice melts, polar bears may starve,The Futurist.Washington: Jul/Aug 2003, 37(4) Struzik, Ed, GRIZZLIES ON ICE,Canadian Geographic, 07062168, Nov/Dec2003, 123(6) Seaworld, Polar Bears. A SeaWorld Education Department Resource, 2005